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Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

Scientific Images

https://www.ahajournals.org/cms/asset/7a589e2d-8698-4a45-aee4-b41c9a16823d/atvbaha.120.314575.fig02.jpg

von Willebrand Factor (VWF) Is not required for red blood cell retention in clots in mice ()

 

Modifiers of fibrin(ogen) and association with disease. Clot formation, structure, and stability are influenced by conditions present during fibrin generation. Abnormal clot formation is observed in several diseases.

Modifiers of fibrin(ogen) and association with disease ()

 

FXIIIa cross-linking during fibrin formation. Fibrinogen is a hexamer composed of 2 A伪- (purple), 2 B尾- (blue), and 2 纬-chains (green). During coagulation, thrombin cleaves N-terminal fibrinopeptides from the A伪- and B尾-chains, producing fibrin monomers which polymerize into protofibrils and subsequently, fibers. FXIIIa increases clot stability by introducing 蔚-N-(纬-glutamyl)-lysyl cross-links between residues in the 纬- and 伪-chains of fibrin monomers within individual fibers. FXIIIa first introduces cross-links between 纬-chains (forming 纬-纬 dimers) and subsequently between 纬- and 伪-chains (forming high-molecular-weight species [纬-multimers, 伪-polymers, and 伪纬-hybrids]).

FXIIIa cross-linking during fibrin formation ()

 

Venous thrombi contain regions of high red blood cell (RBC) and fibrin content. Left) Gross image of a segment of human venous thrombus (pulmonary embolus) collected at autopsy at 黑料网 Hospitals. Note the presence of darker (RBC rich) regions. Image courtesy of Vincent J. Moylan, Jr, MS, PA(ASCP), 黑料网 at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine. Right) Transmission electron micrograph of a pulmonary embolus showing the 鈥榖rick-and-mortar鈥� organization of RBCs and fibrin within the thrombus.

Venous thrombi contain regions of high RBC and fibrin content ()

 

Interplay between abnormalities in blood components, the vasculature, and blood flow contribute to the development of arterial thrombosis. Arterial thrombosis involves the formation of platelet-rich 鈥渨hite clots鈥� that form after rupture of atherosclerotic plaques and exposure of procoagulant material such as lipid-rich macrophages (foam cells), collagen, tissue factor, and/or endothelial breach, in a high shear environment. TM = thrombomodulin; II = prothrombin; IIa = thrombin; Fgn = fibrinogen; TF = tissue factor.
Arterial thrombosis. Abbreviations: TM, thrombomodulin; II, prothrombin; IIa, thrombin; Fgn, fibrinogen; TF, tissue factor ()

 

Tissue factor-initiated coagulation

of cell-mediated procoagulant activities leading to fibrin clot formation

 

Distribution of fibrin fibers above a cell surface using Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy
of fibrin fibers above a cell surface (Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy)

Normal and Hemophilic Clots

Confocal micrographs of normal vs. hemophilic clots ()

 

Networks formed under flow and stasis

Scanning electron micrographs of networks formed under flow (left) and stasis (right) ()

 

Fibrinogen synthesis and expression ()

 

Contributions of FXIIIa to clot stability ()

 

FXIIIa mediates RBC retention in thrombi ()

 


Venous thrombosis. Abbreviations: TM, thrombomodulin; EPCR, endothelial protein C receptor; II, prothrombin; IIa, thrombin; TF, tissue factor; Fgn, fibrinogen; RBC, red blood cells ()

 

Scanning electron micrograph of a whole blood clot


Transmission electron micrographs of a whole blood clot

Contributions from cells, plasma, and blood flow (Virchow's Triad) regulate fibrin formation and therefore, fibrin network structure and stability

Virchow’s Triad ()

 

Elevated Fibrinogen and Thrombosis

Effects of elevated fibrinogen on thrombus development in carotid artery (left) and saphenous vein (right)
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